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Basic Structure of Human Eye with Detail:


Anatomy of the eye:

Cornea: The cornea is sometimes referred to as the "window of the eye". It provides most of the focusing power when light enters your eye. The cornea is composed of 5 layers of tissue. The outer layer ( the epithelium), is the eye's protective layer. This layer is made up of highly regenerative cells that have the ability to grow back within 3 days, and therefore, allow for fast healing of superficial injuries. Most of the inner layers provide strength to the eye.

Pupil: The pupil is the 'black circle' that you see in a person's eye. The primary function of the pupil is to control the amount of light entering the eye. When you are in a bright environment, the pupil becomes smaller to allow less light through. When it is dark, the pupil expands to allow more light to reach the back of the eye.
Iris: This is the colored portion of a person's eye ( i.e., blue/green/brown/hazel). The primary function of the iris is to control the size of the pupil. This is achieved through contraction or expansion of the muscles of the iris.

Lens: The lens is the clear structure located behind the pupil. Its primary function is to provide fine-tuning for focusing and reading. The lens performs this function by altering its shape. At about the age of 40-50, the lens becomes less flexible and presbyopia sets in. At about the age of 60 or 70, the lens may become cloudy and hard (cataract formation), preventing light from entering the eye.

Retina: The retina consists of fine nerve tissue which lines the inside wall of the eyes and acts like the film in a camera. Its primary function is to transmit images to the brain.

Optic Nerve: The optic nerve carries images from the retina to the brain.

Sclera: This is the 'white part' of an eye. The sclera's purpose is to provide structure, strength and protection to the eye.

Vitreous: This is the clear 'gel like' substance located inside the eye's cavity. Its purpose is to provide a spherical shape to the eye. The vitreous may develop small clumps known as 'floaters', which are more common in nearsighted people than in the rest of the population.

Diopters: Visual refractive disorders of the eye (i.e. myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia and presbyopia ) are measured in units called 'diopters'. Diopters represent the amount of correction needed in corrective lenses to normalize vision. The more nearsighted or farsighted you are, the higher your prescription in diopters.

Your prescription is written in three numbers: 1st Number; Identifies your degree of nearsightedness or farsightedness. The sign identifies whether you are nearsighted (-sign) or farsighted (+sign) 2nd Number; Identifies your degree of astigmatism. The sign can be either a plus or minus. 3rd Number; is the axis which indicates the direction of your astigmatism.

For example, -5.00 -1.50 X 180 represents a typical prescription.

Phaco-Surgery Images :

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Click here for video clip of cataract operation with foldable lens (Phacoemulsification)

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